The present study suggests that goniometer-based assessments considerably overestimate hip joint ROM by measuring intersegmental angles (e.g., thigh flexion on trunk for hip flexion) rather than true hip ROM. Reliability estimates did not differ between the goniometer and the ETS. Test-retest reliability was good with ICCs higher 0.90, except for hip adduction (0.82-0.84). Both devices detected lower hip abduction ROM in patients compared to controls ( P < 0.01). The goniometer provided greater hip ROM values compared to the ETS (range 2.0-18.9 degrees P < 0.001) good concurrent validity was only achieved for hip abduction and internal rotation, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.94 and 0.88, respectively. A total of 15 patients and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Passive hip flexion, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation ROMs were simultaneously measured with a conventional goniometer and an electromagnetic tracking system (ETS) on two different testing sessions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the construct validity (known group), concurrent validity (criterion based) and test-retest (intra-rater) reliability of manual goniometers to measure passive hip range of motion (ROM) in femoroacetabular impingement patients and healthy controls.
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